漢語發音表記_漢語發音表記大全|分類

以下為根據漢語拼音而來的發音表記。詳細請參考w:現代標準漢語#語音系統。

聲母

韻母

	開口呼	齊齒呼	合口呼	撮口呼
單元音韻母	?-i?　 ?　之、資的韻母	?i?　 丨　衣	?u?　 ㄨ　烏	?ü?　 ㄩ　迂
	?a?　 ㄚ　啊	?ia?　 丨ㄚ　呀	?ua?　 ㄨㄚ　蛙
	?o?　 ㄛ　喔		?uo?　 ㄨㄛ　窩
	?e?　 ㄜ　鵝
	?ê?　 ㄝ　欸	?ie?　 丨ㄝ　耶		?üe?　 ㄩㄝ　約
	?er?　 ㄦ　兒
復元音韻母	?ai?　 ㄞ　哀		?uai?　 ㄨㄞ　歪
	?ei?　 ㄟ　欸		?u(e)i?　 ㄨㄟ　威
	?ao?　 ㄠ　熬	?iao?　 丨ㄠ　腰
	?ou?　 ㄡ　歐	?iou?　 丨ㄡ　優
帶鼻音韻母	?an?　 ㄢ　安	?ian?　 丨ㄢ　煙	?uan?　 ㄨㄢ　彎	?üan?　 ㄩㄢ　冤
	?en?　 ㄣ　恩	?in?　 丨ㄣ　因	?u(e)n?　 ㄨㄣ　溫	?ün?　 ㄩㄣ　暈
	?ang?　 ㄤ　昂	?iang?　 丨ㄤ　央	?uang?　 ㄨㄤ　汪
	?eng?　 ㄥ　亨的韻母	?ing?　 丨ㄥ　英	?ueng/ong?　 ㄨㄥ　翁	同?iong?
	?ong?　 ㄨㄥ　轟的韻母	?iong?　 ㄩㄥ　庸

廣州話拼音對照表

聲母

韻母

• *:口語變異
• 黃錫凌羅馬拼音 euue 省略成 eue, 廣州話拼音方案 êü 省略成 êu
• 在廣州話拼音方案，聲母 j, q, x 是用來拼寫 i, ü 韻之用，另外 ü 行的韻母用來拼 j, q, x 時，省略兩點

聲調

下表的平、上、去聲以 “a” 音為例，入聲以 “at” 音為例。

臺山話拼音對照表

聲母

韻母

聲調

變調

閩南語白話字

聲母

1. “唇舌齒牙喉”依傳統五音，與現代語言學的發音部位分法不盡相同。
2. 漢字為傳統十五音，但“毛、耐、雅”十五音里沒有；另十五音有零聲母“英”，白話字不標。

元音

1. 有些腔調的o是發成半閉后圓唇元音 、半閉后不圓唇元音。

聲調

（以a為標注范例）

備注

• 七聲調區，第6聲（陽上）并入第7聲（陽去），是為聲韻學上“濁上變去”。
• 第4、8聲為入聲。
• 入聲韻尾：有 -p、-t、-k、-h 四種。 喉塞音韻尾 -h 僅會出現于白讀。

閩南語臺羅音標

客家話拼音方案

字母

拼音采用拉丁字母，其中r、w不用來拼寫梅縣客家話。ê 是字母 e 的變體，用以代表

。

聲母

聲母總數為19個。不以輔音為首的音節，稱為零聲母。列表如下：

資 zi¹、雌 ci¹、思 si¹ 等字的韻母用 i

。

韻母

韻母總數為74個。列表如下：

i 行的韻母，前面沒有聲母的時候，寫成 yi、ya、yo、yê、yai、yau、yu、yui、yam、yim、yan、yin、yun、yang、yong、yung、yab、yib、yad、yid、yud、yag、yog、yug。

聲調

外部鏈接

• 客語字典查尋

聲母

韻母

兒化

在原有韻尾后加上“r”來表示兒化。對于韻尾-e (/?/)，要在“r”前加上一個撇，即-e'r (/??/)，以區別于-er (/??/)。

聲調

聲母

韻母

聲調

變調

• ${\displaystyle {\text{陽 平 }}[13]+{\text{陰 去 }}[45]\to [{\text{接 近 24，但 仍 與 入 聲 有 區 別 }}]+{\text{陰 去 }}[45]}$?
• (快速說話時) ${\displaystyle {\begin{Bmatrix}{\text{陰 平 }}[33]\\{\text{陽 平 }}[13]\\{\text{入 聲 }}[24]\end{Bmatrix}}+{\text{入 聲 }}[24]\to {\begin{Bmatrix}{\text{陰 平 }}[33]\\{\text{陽 平 }}[13]\\{\text{入 聲 }}[24]\end{Bmatrix}}+[44]}$?

聲母

韻母

聲調

變調

• ${\displaystyle {\text{上 聲 }}[213]+{\begin{Bmatrix}{\text{陰 平 }}[42]\\{\text{陽 平 (A) }}[24]\\{\text{陽 平 (B) }}[35]\\{\text{陰 入 }}[5]\end{Bmatrix}}\to [13]+{\begin{Bmatrix}{\text{陰 平 }}[42]\\{\text{陽 平 (A) }}[24]\\{\text{陽 平 (B) }}[35]\\{\text{陰 入 }}[5]\end{Bmatrix}}}$?
• ${\displaystyle {\text{上 聲 }}[213]+{\begin{Bmatrix}{\text{上 聲 }}[213]\\{\text{去 聲 }}[11]\\{\text{陽 入 }}[2]\end{Bmatrix}}\to [24]+{\begin{Bmatrix}{\text{上 聲 }}[213]\\{\text{去 聲 }}[11]\\{\text{陽 入 }}[2]\end{Bmatrix}}}$?
• ${\displaystyle {\text{上 聲 }}[213]+{\text{輕 聲 }}\to [21]+{\text{輕 聲 }}}$?

重音

在音節前加一個撇號(')來表示重音。

今日 'jin¹ nyit⁶

水果 sui³ 'guo³

聲母與韻母

聲調

Unlike other varieties such as Beijing Mandarin (right-prominent, limited but systematic), Guangzhou Cantonese (rare and non-systematic, but with certain patterns) or Taiwanese Hokkien (right-prominent, widespread and systematic), the tone sandhi rules in Shanghainese comprise two parts—a left-prominent word tone sandhi rule, and a right-prominent phrase tone sandhi rule. Words of fossilised nature follow the first rule, and analysable phrases (usually of verb + noun composition) follow the second rule.

For the former, the tone sandhi pattern is entirely dependent on (i.e. predictable from) the tonal category of the first syllable and independent of the tonal categories of the other syllables.

There are five tonal categories (or "tones") in new-style (中派與新派) Shanghainese, a reduction from six in old-style (老派) Shanghainese. The tonal category a character belongs to can essentially be inferred from its Middle Chinese pronunciation, or pronunciations from other Chinese varieties. Middle Chinese had four tones—level, rising, departing and checked. In the development to Shanghainese, each of the four Middle Chinese tones split in two, conditioned by the voicing (voiceless—dark, voiced—light) of the initial of the character. Three of the resultant eight tonal categories then merged with other categories, producing five tonal categories in total.

Several of these tonal categories are non-phonemic; that is, they are predictable from the voicing of the initial consonant and from whether the syllable is checked (ending in a glottal stop). Only tones 1 and 2 are contrastive: they both occur in syllables with voiceless initials and no final glottal stop.

Suzhou by contrast has seven tones, three of which are phonemic. For more, see Suzhou dialect § Tones on Wikipedia.

調號	調名	清濁	調值	例字	對應中古漢語聲調
1	陰平／陰平 (yīnpíng)	清	?? 53	刀漿司東	陰平
2	陰去／陰去	清	?? 34	島到獎醬	陰上、陰去
3	陽去／陽去	濁	?? 23	桃導道牆	陽平、陽上、陽去
4	陰入／陰入	清	?? 55	雀削說足	陰入
5	陽入／陽入	濁	??? 12	嚼石曲食	陽入

Left-prominent tone sandhi (word sandhi)

Each of these five categories then has a tone sandhi pattern, depending on the number of syllables in the word.

Left-prominent word tone sandhi patterns

Tonal category	Monosyllabics	Disyllabics	Trisyllabics	Tetrasyllabics	Pentasyllabics
1. Dark level type	53	55＋21	55＋33＋21	55＋33＋33＋21	55＋33＋33＋33＋21
2. Dark departing type	34	33＋44	33＋55＋21	33＋55＋33＋21	33＋55＋33＋33＋21
3. Light departing type	23	22＋44	22＋55＋21	22＋55＋33＋21	22＋55＋33＋33＋21
4. Dark checked type	55	33＋44	33＋55＋21	33＋55＋33＋21	33＋55＋33＋33＋21
5. Light checked type	12	11＋23	11＋22＋23	11＋22＋22＋23 22＋55＋33＋21	22＋55＋33＋33＋21

For Wu romanisations in the template {{zh-pron}}, the romanisation is made up of: tonal category of the first character (one-digit number) + romanisations of the initial and final of each character (separated by spaces).

Right-prominent tone sandhi (phrase sandhi)

When words combine form a phrase, the following right-prominent sandhi rules apply. In short, when the word A in appears non-finally in a phrase, its last syllable (A-x) changes to a flat (level) tone. The tone sandhi value that syllable A-x changes to is conditioned by three factors: (1) the tonal category of syllable A-x, (2) the number of syllables in word A, and if the number of syllables in A is 1 – (3) whether word A is tightly associated with the word preceding word A.

Word undergoing sandhi (i.e. word A)	Tonal category of last syllable of word undergoing sandhi (i.e. syllable A-x)					Example
	Tone 1	Tone 2	Tone 3	Tone 4	Tone 5
Monosyllabic word unbound to any word preceding it	44		33	44	22	儂好／儂好 (3non+2hau) 炒魷魚／炒魷魚 (2tshau+3hhieu hhngg)
Monosyllabic word tightly bound to a monosyllabic word preceding it						硬碰硬 (3ngan+-phan+3ngan)
Multisyllabic word	33			33		嘸著嘸落／嘸著嘸落 (3hhmm zaq+3hhmm loq)
Monosyllabic word tightly bound to a multisyllabic word preceding it						前世作孽 (3xxi sr+4tsoq+5nyiq)

Tone "-" forces a mid-tone on a monosyllable.

Conversion from MiniDict tone notation

• 平 (level), 上 (rising), 去 (departing), and 入 (checked) should be used for reference, not the numbers.

Other notations

The notation + is explained above in the #Right-prominent tone sandhi (phrase sandhi) section. Additionally, the symbol & can be used in sentences to annotate the division of words. This is primarily used in the transcriptions of Wu phrases and sentences in {{zh-x}}; for example, as shown on the page 日腳, the transcription for 今朝是啥日腳？ in Wu is 1jin tsau&3zr&2sa&5nyiq jiaq.

Examples

• 中華: 1tson hho
• 天才: 1thi ze
• 火葬場: 2hu tsaan zan
• 電視: 3di zr
• 韓國: 3hhoe koq
• 法律: 4faq liq
• 日本: 5zeq pen

Resources

• For checking the pronunciation of words: Comprehensive Dictionary of Shanghainese (《上海話大詞典》) - uses IPA notations throughout the book
• For checking the pronunciation of characters: Wu Chinese MiniDict

  Note that this website uses a different romanisation system than the one implemented here. Their romanisation scheme aims to be a pan-Wu scheme, and occasionally describes the phonology of Shanghainese unintuitively.

  Correspondences with WT romanisation:

  Initials (MiniDict = WT): c = j, ch = q, j = jj, sh = x, zh = xx, si = xi, zi = xxi, gh = hh

  Null-initials followed by glides 'y-', 'w-' are pronounced with the 'hh' initial. i.e. 譯 yih = hhiq and 皇 waon = hhuaan

  Finals (MiniDict = WT): ou = u, iu = y, yu = r, ie = i, aon = aan, iuin = yn, -h = -q, aeh = eq, iuih = yq, r = er, -iu- = -y-, ng = ngg, m = mm

  Tones: 平 (level), 上 (rising), 去 (departing), 入 (checked). To know whether it is dark or light, check the voicing of the initial. Voiced initials = light, voiceless = dark.